Pages

Selasa, 21 Februari 2012

NEWS ITEM

News item is factual text which infroms the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Function of news item :
Social function of news items is to infrom readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:
- Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the events in summary form.
- Background event(s) : elaborate what happend , to WHOM, in WHAT circumstance.
- Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.

Significant Granma features:
~ Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
~ Generally using Simple Past Tense
~ Use of material priocesses to rettel the event
~ Using Action verbs, ex: run, go, kil, etc
~ Using saying verbs, ex: say, tell
~ Focus on circumstances
~ Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stage.

There an some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate from of “be’
2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tnese is used, usually to describe something that is changing or
developing,but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentence

A headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article
below it.
Read some newspaper headlines below:
1. Michael Jackson’s last album “This is it” will be on the market in November.
2. Rupiah becomes stronger at the end of this week.
Example:
RI wants Thai firms to work with local fishery companies
Lilian Budianto , The Jakarta Post , Jakarta Tue, 02/16/2010 11:11 AM World
Is it right?: Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa (right) talks to Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya during a press conference at the Foreign Ministry, on Monday, in Jakarta. Marty held a bilateral meeting with his visiting counterpart Kasit to discuss a range of issues, including illegal fishing and the situation in southern Thailand. JP/J. Adiguna
Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa said here Monday Indonesia wanted Thai fishing firms to form joint venture with local companies if they wanted to continue operating in Indonesian waters.After receiving Thai Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya at his office in Jakarta, Marty told a press conference that the joint operation was a key step toward eradicating illegal fishing. “We are working very closely to finalize an MoU by the middle of this year — one that moves beyond the old formula of the issuance of license [for Thai vessels to operate in Indonesian waters], and toward more joint ventures and partnerships for the mutual benefit of both countries,” Marty said. The memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Jakarta and Bangkok has been the subject of deliberations since early last year. Many Thai fishing firms operate with legal documents in the archipelago, but allegedly have not built processing plants as required by Indonesian regulations. The regulations, which were introduced in 2008, were aimed at creating added value and jobs in Indonesia. The Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry said Indonesian waters were the world’s biggest victim of illegal fishing, with up to 1.6 million tons of its fish being poached every year by fishing vessels from a number of other countries including Thailand. The ministry said there were at least 1,000 foreign vessels involved in illegal fishing in Indonesia’s exclusive economic zones every year, since Indonesian patrols could only cover 12 percent of the area.In the press conference, Minister Kasit expressed his agreement on the need for Thai fishery companies to work with their Indonesian counterparts if they wanted to continue operating in Indonesian waters.“As a country with the largest fishing fleet in the world and one of the largest fishery processing industries, Thailand is dependent on Indonesia’s fish [resources],” Kasit said.“But if we are to come here to fish, we want the benefits to be shared with the Indonesian side. So, there would be mutual benefits and no notion of unilateral exploitation by the Thai side...”Indonesian Ambassador to Thailand Muhammad Hatta said illegal Thai fishing in Indonesian waters cost the country Rp 30 trillion (US$2.8 billion) in every year, representing more than half of the total state losses inflicted by illegal fishing activities.“Indonesia and Thailand have set up a joint task force, which works to share information as well as take control of fishing activities in sea border areas.”Minister Kasit spent 2 days in Jakarta for a visit he said was intended to “take stock of bilateral relations” after 60 years of diplomatic ties. Both ministers will convene at the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Vietnam in April.Berly Martawardaya, a lecturer with the University of Indonesia’s school of economics, said both countries had to utilize ASEAN forums to sort out pending issues before the formation of the ASEAN community by 2015.“It is recognized that Indonesia is facing difficulties in maintaining control of its vast water areas with its limited budget.”
2. SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote.Muhammad Shafiq Woon Abdullah was brought to court in Singapore because he had physically hurt the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Straits Time said.The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.He hit her on the head with the TV sets remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On the occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said that his client had become mad when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she was lying in bed. He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.

NOUN PHRASE

A noun phrase (NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.
This means that one noun or pronoun can be grammatically functioned as NP.
For the NP modifer, there are 2 kinds considering by its position:
1. pre-modifier (modifier which is placed before the noun)
2. post-modifier (modifier which is placed after the noun)
The NP pattern is simple in normal sentence and imperative mood, but it’s much harder in question form with inversion.




For English:
1) pre-modifier (modifier which is placed before the noun)
1.1) Adjective
1. Opinion or judgment — beautiful, ugly, easy, fast, interesting
2. Size — small, tall, short, big
3. Age — young, old, new, historic, ancient
4. Shape — round, square, rectangular
5. Color — red, black, green, purple
6. Nationality — French, Asian, American, Canadian, Japanese
7. Material — wooden, metallic, plastic, glass, paper
8. Purpose or Qualifier — foldout (sofa), fishing (boat), racing (car)


For an adjective, it is allowed to have several adjectives modifying one head noun, but their relative order is fixed to a certain degree following the given orders respectively, e.g., beautiful long curved old red Italian steel racing car.
1.2) Determiner which includes
– articles (the, a)
– demonstratives (this, that)
– numerals (two, 5)
– possessives (my, their)
– quantifiers (some, many)


For a determiner, one unit can be used once for a certain NP. However, the rule is dismissed in case of royal usage, e.g., his majesty the king.
1.3) Noun
– some noun can be placed before another noun as a modifier such as university student, tiger hunting, etc. This include noun with possessive marker ’s such as Nurse’s uniform.
2) post-modifier (modifier which is placed after the noun)
2.1) Prepositional phrase (PP)
– PP here includes an NP after the head preposition (in the box) in = preposition | the box = NP
2.2) Relative Clause (RC)
– Not all RCs are able to modify NP but adjective clause.
Check this out!
(1) I don’t care who he is.
(2) I don’t care her who doesn’t love me.
Only example (2) is an adjective clause since the clause with relative marker is functioned as an adjective to modify pronoun “her”.
In example (1), the clause is function as an object of the sentence so it is called a noun clause and it is not concerned as a post modifier to NP.

Here is all possible NP modifiers in English.
!Note that adjective and determiner can occur together, but a determiner always positions on the leftmost. Moreover, both of them can only modify a noun, not a personal pronoun.
!!Another note that adjective clause modifies the immediate noun, e.g., “the book on the table which is burnt” = “which is burnt” modifies table, not book.

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice  is very popular use, both in everyday conversations and in reading books. In the Indonesian language sentence is known as a verb beginning with di-(written, given, scolded, etc.). In the active sentence we may say so:

The teacher warned Nitha for being late. -> Teachers warned Nitha for being late.

But if we want to express this sentence in the passive voice, we will say:

Nitha was warned by the teacher for being late. -> Nitha warned by the teacher for being late.

The rules for forming the passive voice,

(1) The sentence should have Object (Transitive Verb).

(2) Object in the active sentence becomes the subject in passive sentences.

(3) said his work should form the III (Past Participle) preceded by a to be (am, is, are, was, were the resource persons, been). And

(4) The structure of the sentence by tenses.

A. Simple Past Tense
Struktur —> Subject + was/were + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) Fire destroyed the house. —> (P) The house was destroyed by fire.

B. Simple Present Tense
Stuktur —> Subject + am/is/are + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) People all over the world speak English. —> (P) English is spoken all over the world.

C. Present Perfect Tense
Struktur —> Subject + have/has been + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) The students have copied the lesson. —> (P) The lesson has been copied by the students.

D. Present Continuous Tense
Struktur —> Subject + am/is/are + being + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) She is typing the letter. —> (P) The letter is being typed.

E. Simple Future Tense
Struktur —> Subject + shall/will be + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) They will sign the contract next week. —> (P) The contract will be signed next week.

F. Passive Voice with Auxiliaries
Struktur —> Subject + aux + be + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) He must finish the work today. —> (P) The work must be finished today.
(BK)assive Voice  is very popular use, both in everyday conversations and in reading books. In the Indonesian language sentence is known as a verb beginning with di-(written, given, scolded, etc.). In the active sentence we may say so:

The teacher warned Nitha for being late. -> Teachers warned Nitha for being late.

But if we want to express this sentence in the passive voice, we will say:

Nitha was warned by the teacher for being late. -> Nitha warned by the teacher for being late.

The rules for forming the passive voice,

(1) The sentence should have Object (Transitive Verb).

(2) Object in the active sentence becomes the subject in passive sentences.

(3) said his work should form the III (Past Participle) preceded by a to be (am, is, are, was, were the resource persons, been). And

(4) The structure of the sentence by tenses.

A. Simple Past Tense
Struktur —> Subject + was/were + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) Fire destroyed the house. —> (P) The house was destroyed by fire.

B. Simple Present Tense
Stuktur —> Subject + am/is/are + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) People all over the world speak English. —> (P) English is spoken all over the world.

C. Present Perfect Tense
Struktur —> Subject + have/has been + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) The students have copied the lesson. —> (P) The lesson has been copied by the students.

D. Present Continuous Tense
Struktur —> Subject + am/is/are + being + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) She is typing the letter. —> (P) The letter is being typed.

E. Simple Future Tense
Struktur —> Subject + shall/will be + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) They will sign the contract next week. —> (P) The contract will be signed next week.

F. Passive Voice with Auxiliaries
Struktur —> Subject + aux + be + Past Participle
Contoh :
(A) He must finish the work today. —> (P) The work must be finished today.
(BK)VVV

SIMPLE FUTURE

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be  done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now.
( time future).


 Positive Tenses
Pattern :
  • S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
  • S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
  • S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

  • Farmers in Jati Bali will grow rice crops next month
  • Some students are going to conduct research on vegetative plant propagations next semester.
  • Transpiration will start to increase tomorrow morning.
Negative Tense
Pattern :
  • S + will + not + verb1+ O + modifier
  • S +{ ( is,are,am ) going to }+ not +verb1 + O + modifier
  • S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

  • Farmers in Jati Bali will not grow rice crops next month
  • Transpiration will not start to increase tonight
  • He will not be very happy when he finds out.
Question
Pattern :
    • Will + S + verb1+ O + modifier
    • Will + S + { ( is,are,am ) going to }+ O + modifier
    • Will + S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

    • Will farmers in Jati in Bali grow rice crops next month ?
      • Will transpiration start to increase tomorrow morning  ?
      • Will he be very happy when he finds out ?

MODAL IN PAST FORM

*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Nitha : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Hera : Why is Rian taking the bus to get home.
Fana : He might get a flat time.

*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Bean : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lien : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.

*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Pupy : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Mhiita : No, Not at all.

*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Putri , you should go to library now ?
Putri : O.k.

INVITATION (WRITTEN)

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something ..

There are 2 types of invitation :

Formal invitation is usually originate from institutes, companies, and a kind of it. Normally, formal invitation is written invitation ..



Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation ..

* Verbal Invitation
Extending (mengundang), example :
* I would like to invite you to come to my office
* Would you like to come to my house ?
* How would you like to go fishing with us next week ?
* If you are not busy, please try to come to my café
* Are you free this evening ?
* Let’s go to my school anniversary !
* Can you come ?
* Please try to come
* We hope you will join us
* If you don’t have any other plans, would you come to the restaurant ?
* Would you please attend my party tonight ?
* If you don’t mind, please come to house tomorrow
* Let’s have to dinner together with me
* Would you mind coming to my birthday party ?

* Accepting (menerima), example :
* I’d love to
* I like that
* That sounds great
* Thank you for the invitation
* That would be wonderful
* I’d be glad to ….
* That sounds like fun
* It’s very nice of you to invite me
* It sounds interesting
* Thank you . Yes, I would to ….
* Ok !

* Declining (menolak), example :
* I’d love to, but I can’t, because ….
* I’m really sorry because I can’t come
* Sorry, I’m really busy
* I’d love to, but I won’t be able to ….
* I’d love to but I don’t think I can
* Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks
* That’s nice / great. Unfortunately / however ….
* That’s very kind of you, but ….

Example :
Vira : Kia, today is my brother's birthday. What about having dinner together with us ?
Jaskia : All right. What time will you celebrate it ?
Vira : At seven. Shall I pick you up ?
Jaskia : If you don't mind. But I will stay in my uncle house tonight.

Example of written invitation
  1. In formal Invitation
From : Ditha
To : Elisca
Hi, friend next week is my birthday. At my birthday I am 15 years old.
And I would like you to come to my birthday Party.
Date : January 24 2011
Time : 03.00 pm
Place : In Batang Garing
I will be happy if you come to my birthday Party.
See you …..

  1. Formal Invitation
STUDENT ORGANIZATION OF SMA NEGERI 2 PAHANDUT
K.S.Tubun Street No 02 Palangkaraya Tel[. (0536) 3223322
To : Steven Kristino, class XI IA1
Would you please attend our meeting that will be held
Day : on Friday, january 2011
Time : at 10.00 am
Place : in the school hall
Please, come on time. See you there !

Secretary
                  Yanti Anggrenie

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .






 Textstructure:
- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

 Language figures:
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.

Characteristic:
a. Use the simple present tense.
b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.
c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.
d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject
author.
e. Use action verbs.
f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.
g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

 Grammatical features:
- Who? What?
- Using linking verb and simple present tense,
- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,
- Attributive (the)
- Use a attributive and identifying process,
- Focus an specific participants,
- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups


I will give you the example in some other time, see ya...
 
Copyright 2011 Amin Lukas. Powered by Blogger
Blogger by Blogger Templates WP by Wpthemescreator